First Avenue (1999)
วันจันทร์ที่ 26 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2554
วันจันทร์ที่ 12 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2554
Chapter 3
The difference between
Library of Congress Classification System LC. and
Dewey Decimal Classification System D.D.C
Library of Congress Classification System ( L.C) is to use the Alphabet to represent the subject in the library. A - Z
Deway Decimal Classification (D.D.C.) is to use the number 000 - 900 representing the subject in the library.
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Link : The Library of Congress
วันจันทร์ที่ 5 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2554
Chapter 2 Objective
Ex : Volleyball Facts
Volleyball is the second most popular sport in the world today, exceeded only by soccer. It was invented by William G. Morgan in 1895 at a YMCA in Holyoke for middle aged men who needed something less strenuous than basketball. The sport has changed much over the years and Mr. Morgan would probably not recognize the game today.
The sport involves two teams separated by a net who contact a volleyball a maximum of three times before it crosses the net to the other team. If the ball hits the floor on the other side of court in bounds or the opponents cannot return the ball, the serving team gets a point.
The first team to score 15 points wins the game. The winning team must win by two points. Play continues until one team has a two-point advantage. The team to win two games in a match wins the match. A third game will not be played unless it is necessary to determine the winner of a match. Rally scoring will be used in the third game of the match.
Player Positions- The position of players in order of the serve shall be Right Back, Right Front, Center Front, Left Front, Left Back and Center Back.
At the moment of serve-
a. all players except the server will be in the teams playing area,
b. all players shall be in correct serving order. Each right side player shall have at least one foot touching the floor closer to the right sideline than both feet of the center player in the corresponding row. Each left side player shall have at least one foot touching the floor closer to the left sideline than both feet of the center player in the corresponding row. Each front-row player shall have at least part of one foot touching the floor closer to the center line than both feet of the corresponding back row player.
c. After the ball is contacted for the serve, players may move from their positions.
Out of Bounds- A ball is out of bounds and becomes dead when it
a. Touches a wall, objects mounted flush with a wall
b. Touches the floor completely outside the courts boundary lines. (If it hits the line it is in bounds.
c. Touches the net antennas or cables or does not pass over the net between the antennas
d. Touches a nonplayer who is not interfering.
e. Touches the ceiling or overhead obstructions beyond the vertical plane of the net.
f. Touches or enters a non-playable area.
g. Touches a backboard.
The Serve- A serve is contact with the ball to initiate play. The server shall hit the ball with one hand, fist or arm while the ball is held, or after it is released by the server. The ball shall be contacted five seconds after the referees signal to serve. A server shall serve from the serving area and shall not touch the end line or the floor outside the lines marking the width of the serving area at the instant the ball is contacted for the serve.
Contacting the Ball -
a. A contact is any touch of the ball by a player (excluding the players loose hair)
b. A hit is contact/touch of the ball which is counted as one the teams allowable plays before the ball is returned to the opponents side of the court.
c. A team shall not have more than 3 hits before the ball crosses the net into the opponents playing area. When the teams first contact is simultaneous contact by opponents, or an action to black, the next contact is considered the teams first hit.
d. Legal contact is a touch of the ball by a players body above and including the waist, which does not allow the ball to visibly come to rest or involve prolonged contact with a players body.
Timeouts Each team is limited to two sixty second timeouts per game.
Substitutions- Are requested when the ball is dead. A player is limited to three entries per game.
Player Actions- Pass- A play in which the ball is hit into the air so another player can get into position to contact the ball.
a. Forearm pass A controlled skill in which the ball rebounds from the forearms of the receiver to a teammate.
b. Overhead Pass- (setting action) two-hand finger action directing the ball.
c. Set- two or one hand finger action directing the ball to an attacker.
d. Dig an underhand or overhead defensive saving skill in which the ball is contacted by the forearms, fists or hands.
e. Attack- Any play adding force and/or direction to the ball with intention of returning the ball to the opponent.
1. Spike- an attack play in which the ball is forcibly hit into the opponents court with a one-hand overhead motion.
2. Tip- a fingertip attack on the ball which directs the ball into the opponents court.
3. Dump- a fingertip attack most commonly used by a setter on the second hit to direct the ball into the opponents court.
4. Overhead pass- two hand finger action directing the ball over the net.
f. Block- A play approximately arms length from the net in which a player(s) whose hands hand(s) is raised above head, contacts the ball near the top of the net in an attempt to:
1. Prevent the ball from crossing the net.
2. Return the ball immediately
3. Deflect the motion of the ball.
The sport involves two teams separated by a net who contact a volleyball a maximum of three times before it crosses the net to the other team. If the ball hits the floor on the other side of court in bounds or the opponents cannot return the ball, the serving team gets a point.
The first team to score 15 points wins the game. The winning team must win by two points. Play continues until one team has a two-point advantage. The team to win two games in a match wins the match. A third game will not be played unless it is necessary to determine the winner of a match. Rally scoring will be used in the third game of the match.
Player Positions- The position of players in order of the serve shall be Right Back, Right Front, Center Front, Left Front, Left Back and Center Back.
At the moment of serve-
a. all players except the server will be in the teams playing area,
b. all players shall be in correct serving order. Each right side player shall have at least one foot touching the floor closer to the right sideline than both feet of the center player in the corresponding row. Each left side player shall have at least one foot touching the floor closer to the left sideline than both feet of the center player in the corresponding row. Each front-row player shall have at least part of one foot touching the floor closer to the center line than both feet of the corresponding back row player.
c. After the ball is contacted for the serve, players may move from their positions.
Out of Bounds- A ball is out of bounds and becomes dead when it
a. Touches a wall, objects mounted flush with a wall
b. Touches the floor completely outside the courts boundary lines. (If it hits the line it is in bounds.
c. Touches the net antennas or cables or does not pass over the net between the antennas
d. Touches a nonplayer who is not interfering.
e. Touches the ceiling or overhead obstructions beyond the vertical plane of the net.
f. Touches or enters a non-playable area.
g. Touches a backboard.
The Serve- A serve is contact with the ball to initiate play. The server shall hit the ball with one hand, fist or arm while the ball is held, or after it is released by the server. The ball shall be contacted five seconds after the referees signal to serve. A server shall serve from the serving area and shall not touch the end line or the floor outside the lines marking the width of the serving area at the instant the ball is contacted for the serve.
Contacting the Ball -
a. A contact is any touch of the ball by a player (excluding the players loose hair)
b. A hit is contact/touch of the ball which is counted as one the teams allowable plays before the ball is returned to the opponents side of the court.
c. A team shall not have more than 3 hits before the ball crosses the net into the opponents playing area. When the teams first contact is simultaneous contact by opponents, or an action to black, the next contact is considered the teams first hit.
d. Legal contact is a touch of the ball by a players body above and including the waist, which does not allow the ball to visibly come to rest or involve prolonged contact with a players body.
Timeouts Each team is limited to two sixty second timeouts per game.
Substitutions- Are requested when the ball is dead. A player is limited to three entries per game.
Player Actions- Pass- A play in which the ball is hit into the air so another player can get into position to contact the ball.
a. Forearm pass A controlled skill in which the ball rebounds from the forearms of the receiver to a teammate.
b. Overhead Pass- (setting action) two-hand finger action directing the ball.
c. Set- two or one hand finger action directing the ball to an attacker.
d. Dig an underhand or overhead defensive saving skill in which the ball is contacted by the forearms, fists or hands.
e. Attack- Any play adding force and/or direction to the ball with intention of returning the ball to the opponent.
1. Spike- an attack play in which the ball is forcibly hit into the opponents court with a one-hand overhead motion.
2. Tip- a fingertip attack on the ball which directs the ball into the opponents court.
3. Dump- a fingertip attack most commonly used by a setter on the second hit to direct the ball into the opponents court.
4. Overhead pass- two hand finger action directing the ball over the net.
f. Block- A play approximately arms length from the net in which a player(s) whose hands hand(s) is raised above head, contacts the ball near the top of the net in an attempt to:
1. Prevent the ball from crossing the net.
2. Return the ball immediately
3. Deflect the motion of the ball.
Subjective Opinion
Ex : DPIC PUBLIC OPINION REPORTS:
Poll Shows Growing Support for Alternatives to the Death Penalty; Capital Punishment Ranked Lowest Among Budget Priorities
Unfairness, high costs, victims’ needs, and innocence are important to voters’ thinking about the death penalty
(See also this poll broken out by Catholic respondents, compared to the country as a whole. Catholics showed stronger support for alternatives to the death penalty.)
(Nov. 16, 2010, Washington, D.C.) The Death Penalty Information Center released the results of one of the most comprehensive studies ever conducted of Americans’ views on the death penalty. A national poll of 1,500 registered voters conducted by Lake Research Partners shows growing support for alternatives to the death penalty compared with previous polls. A clear majority of voters (61%) would choose a punishment other than the death penalty for murder, including life with no possibility of parole and with restitution to the victim’s family (39%), life with no possibility of parole (13%), or life with the possibility of parole (9%).
In states with the death penalty, a plurality of voters said it would make no difference in their vote if a representative supported repeal of the death penalty; and a majority (62%) said either it would make no difference (38%) or they would be more likely to vote for such a representative (24%).
Source : http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/public-opinion-about-death-penalty
Chapter : 1 The Differences Between Data, Information and Knowledge
A few years ago, the UK Government Tax office lost some CDs containing 25 million people’s records, when they were posted unsecurely. The fear was that there was enough information contained on them to allow criminals to set up bank accounts, get loans, and do their Christmas shopping… all under someone else’s name.In the fallout, the main argument in the press was about security, and inevitably there were many that were using it to attack Government ministers. Anyone who’s ever worked in a bureaucracy will know that this kind of thing goes on more often that we would like to think, as people cut corners. No procedure or official process is water-tight. It’s just this time, they didn’t get away with it.
The media used the terms “data” and “information” interchangeably.
For example, one of the frequent mistakes was that they lost “data.” However, you can’t physically lose data. You can’t physically pick up data, move it about, etc.
Confused?
Let me explain, but – before we go any further - I should point out that I’m using the Infogineering defintions of the three words (data, information, knowledge) here. They’ve been so muddled up over the past few years that the various definitions don’t match up. So, let me explain how Infogineering views them all.
Knowledge
Firstly, let’s look at Knowledge. Knowledge is what we know. Think of this as the map of the World we build inside our brains. Like a physical map, it helps us know where things are – but it contains more than that. It also contains our beliefs and expectations. “If I do this, I will probably get that.” Crucially, the brain links all these things together into a giant network of ideas, memories, predictions, beliefs, etc.It is from this “map” that we base our decisions, not the real world itself. Our brains constantly update this map from the signals coming through our eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin.
You can’t currently store knowledge in anything other than a brain, because a brain connects it all together. Everything is inter-connected in the brain. Computers are not artificial brains. They don’t understand what they are processing, and can’t make independent decisions based upon what you tell them.
There are two sources that the brain uses to build this knowledge - information and data.
Data
Data is/are the facts of the World. For example, take yourself. You may be 5ft tall, have brown hair and blue eyes. All of this is “data”. You have brown hair whether this is written down somewhere or not.In many ways, data can be thought of as a description of the World. We can perceive this data with our senses, and then the brain can process this.
Human beings have used data as long as we’ve existed to form knowledge of the world.
Until we started using information, all we could use was data directly. If you wanted to know how tall I was, you would have to come and look at me. Our knowledge was limited by our direct experiences.
Information
Information allows us to expand our knowledge beyond the range of our senses. We can capture data in information, then move it about so that other people can access it at different times.Here is a simple analogy for you.
If I take a picture of you, the photograph is information. But what you look like is data.
I can move the photo of you around, send it to other people via e-mail etc. However, I’m not actually moving you around – or what you look like. I’m simply allowing other people who can’t directly see you from where they are to know what you look like. If I lose or destroy the photo, this doesn’t change how you look.
So, in the case of the lost tax records, the CDs were information. The information was lost, but the data wasn’t. Mrs Jones still lives at 14 Whitewater road, and she was still born on 15th August 1971.
The Infogineering Model (below) explains how these interact…
Why does it matter that people mix them up?
When people confuse data with information, they can make critical mistakes. Data is always correct (I can’t be 29 years old and 62 years old at the same time) but information can be wrong (there could be two files on me, one saying I was born in 1981, and one saying I was born in 1948).Information captures data at a single point. The data changes over time. The mistake people make is thinking that the information they are looking at is always an accurate reflection of the data.
By understanding the differences between these, you can better understand how to make better decisions based on the accurate facts.
In Brief
Data: Facts, a description of the WorldInformation: Captured Data and Knowledge
Knowledge: Our personal map/model of the World
Source: http://www.infogineering.net/data-information-knowledge.htm
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